To whom?
We are discussing repentance. Last time we talked about the fact that YES. You need to repent. You cannot just say a prayer and willfully live on in sin. It is an action word meaning "to turn around," "to return," or "to reverse direction." It is used hundreds of times in a purely physical sense—like turning back on a road or returning home.
Today I’m going to ask you a question. A simple one. One that seems like an easy, one-word answer that you would hear in a Bible Study, or during Sunday School. To whom shall you repent? God? However, there is a bit more to it than that. Let us pray.
Father, we come before you today with thanksgiving and praise. We thank you for all that we have. We thank you for life itself and for life everlasting. We give you praise because you are the Alpha and the Omega, the great I AM. There is none like you. Father, as we enter your Word today, we pray for eyes to see, ears to hear, and the Spirit to receive your truth and revelations. Father, please grant us wisdom today to learn what you want us to know. In Jesus' name, Amen!
We have a pretty good concept of what repentance is, which begs the question: to whom? When you dig into Scripture, repentance isn’t just a vertical transaction between a person and God; it has a massive horizontal component. To whom shall we repent? Both the Hebrew (Old Testament) and Greek (New Testament) terms match those vertical and horizontal directions perfectly.
In the Old Testament, the primary word for repentance is shuv. It is an action word meaning "to turn around," "to return," or "to reverse direction." It is used hundreds of times in a purely physical sense, such as turning back on a road or returning home. When the prophets used shuv, they weren't asking Israel to feel guilty; they were telling them they were walking the wrong way down a one-way street and needed to do a physical U-turn.
One of my favorite verses; I wish America would listen to this one.
“If my people who are called by my name humble themselves, and pray and seek my face and turn from their wicked ways, then I will hear from heaven and will forgive their sin and heal their land.” 2 Chronicles 7:14
Then you have the Prophet Ezekiel, who recorded this.
“Therefore I will judge you, O house of Israel, every one according to his ways, declares the Lord God. Repent and turn from all your transgressions, lest iniquity be your ruin. Cast away from you all the transgressions that you have committed, and make yourselves a new heart and a new spirit! Why will you die, O house of Israel? For I have no pleasure in the death of anyone, declares the Lord God; so turn, and live.” Ezekiel 18:30-32
Then, of course, you have Isaiah, who recorded this.
“Seek the Lord while he may be found; call upon him while he is near; let the wicked forsake his way, and the unrighteous man his thoughts; let him return to the Lord, that he may have compassion on him, and to our God, for he will abundantly pardon.” Isaiah 55:6-7
Stop. How does God have compassion on you? How does God abundantly pardon you? Forgive you? Is it a blanket statement? God loves you, so He pardons you? No. It said you have to do something first. “Seek the Lord while he may be found; call upon him while he is near; let the wicked forsake his way, and the unrighteous man his thoughts; let him return to the Lord," THEN God can forgive you. In the New Testament? Jesus? Following His temptation, He said this.
“Now after John was arrested, Jesus came into Galilee, proclaiming the gospel of God, and saying, “The time is fulfilled, and the kingdom of God is at hand; repent and believe in the gospel.” Mark 1:14-15
He told His disciples this.
“No, I tell you; but unless you repent, you will all likewise perish.” Luke 13:3
One last one.
“Those whom I love, I reprove and discipline, so be zealous and repent.” Revelation 3:19
Pretty clear. We are called to repent to God, meaning to turn away. To stop doing what we were doing. You mean I cannot live however I want? I thought He died for all sins, past, present, and future, so I can live how I want because He already covered it. That is a lie straight from the evil one. Do not be misled.
Vertically: It means returning to the Covenant with God: "Return to me, and I will return to you," Malachi 3:7.
Then you have this. Horizontally: You cannot "turn back" to God while still walking away from justice and your neighbor. Shuv requires changing your actual behavior and how you treat others.
In the New Testament, the word is metanoia (the verb is metanoeĊ), which attacks the root of why we sin. Meta = change/transform (like metamorphosis). Noia (from nous) = mind/intellect/perspective. Put together, metanoia literally means "a change of mind" or "a transformation of your core perspective."
This is crucial for a modern audience because we often confuse metanoia with remorse (feeling bad). Remorse is Judas feeling terrible about betraying Jesus, but hanging himself anyway. Metanoia is Peter weeping bitterly, changing his perspective, and turning back to lead the early church. It is a complete paradigm shift. You see God differently, you see yourself differently, and more importantly, you see your neighbor differently.
When you combine the two testaments, you get a beautiful, complete definition of biblical repentance. Metanoia is the internal shift (changing how you think), and Shuv is the external action (changing how you walk).
If you change your mind (metanoia) but don't change your direction (shuv), it’s just empty philosophy. If you change your outward direction but your heart isn't in it, it’s just legalism. True biblical repentance requires both. Reshaping your vertical devotion to God and your horizontal relationships with the people around you.
Christ's crucifixion is the ultimate receipt of what our sin cost. Repentance here is aligning our minds with God's truth about our sin, turning away from it, and turning toward Him.
This is where the message gets practical and challenging. Scripture explicitly commands us to repent and confess to the people we have harmed. I know. I will say that again. Scripture explicitly commands us to repent and confess to the people we have harmed.
Think of it this way. True vertical repentance always bears horizontal fruit.
"Therefore confess your sins to each other and pray for each other so that you may be healed." James 5:16
In Matthew 5:23-24, Jesus says if you are offering a gift at the altar and remember your brother has something against you, leave your gift.
“So if you are offering your gift at the altar and there remember that your brother has something against you, leave your gift there before the altar and go. First be reconciled to your brother, and then come and offer your gift.”
Jesus literally prioritizes horizontal reconciliation over vertical ritual. Zacchaeus, Luke 19:8
“And Zacchaeus stood and said to the Lord, 'Behold, Lord, the half of my goods I give to the poor. And if I have defrauded anyone of anything, I restore it fourfold." Luke 19:8
When the tax collector repents, he doesn't just say, "I'm sorry, God." He looks at the people he cheated and promises fourfold restitution. Repentance to those we’ve wronged validates our repentance to God.
We always want to hide our sin. Always. It is our sin. It is our secret. Remember what Jesus said?
“And this is the judgment: the light has come into the world, and people loved the darkness rather than the light because their works were evil. For everyone who does wicked things hates the light and does not come to the light, lest his works should be exposed. But whoever does what is true comes to the light, so that it may be clearly seen that his works have been carried out in God." John 3:19-21
However?
“Be sure your sin will find you out.” Numbers 32:23
“There is nothing covered up that will not be revealed, and hidden that will not be known.” Luke 12:2
“God will “bring to light the things hidden in darkness and disclose the motives of men’s hearts'” 1 Corinthians 4:5
In the New Testament, sin is rarely seen as purely private. Because believers are "one body," a sin by one member impacts the whole organism. When a believer's sin impacts the community or brings reproach on the church, repentance involves the community. In 2 Corinthians 2:5-8, Paul describes a man who had caused grief to the whole church, but because he repented, the church was called to "forgive and comfort him" and to reaffirm their love for him.
If we only repent to God, we treat grace as a cheap escape hatch that bypasses the mess we made on earth. If we only repent to people, we treat sin as a mere social blunder rather than a spiritual crisis. A complete biblical theology of repentance requires both the vertical cry for mercy and the horizontal step toward reconciliation.
So now we understand what true repentance is. Now we better understand them. The next question is? When? This is what we will discuss next time.
Remember, you can always find this, and so much more, in the archives, over at TAG
The email, if you wish to contact me, is truthbygod1@gmail.com
May the Lord our God go before you as your way maker, as well as behind you as your rear guard, and may He be with you always.
Until next time, be blessed, be a blessing, and Jesus is Lord!


